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句式就是句子的結(jié)構(gòu)方式，也就是句子的式樣或格式。不同的思想內(nèi)容要用不同的句式來(lái)表達(dá);而同一思想內(nèi)容也可以用不同的句式來(lái)表達(dá)。句式不同，表達(dá)效果也就不同。只有句式多樣化，文章才會(huì)生動(dòng)有趣，充滿(mǎn)活力。可是，在實(shí)際寫(xiě)作中，初學(xué)寫(xiě)作的學(xué)生往往一篇文章都是千篇一律的簡(jiǎn)單句，文章單調(diào)乏味，毫無(wú)生氣。筆者認(rèn)為，恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂媚承┓椒ɑ蚴侄斡兄趯?shí)際表達(dá)形式的多樣化，增強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果。茲將常用方法簡(jiǎn)單介紹如下。

一、改變句子開(kāi)頭

許多學(xué)生在寫(xiě)作中傾向于用與人有關(guān)系的詞性，用名詞和代詞作為句子的開(kāi)頭，如 people，we，i，he，they，she等。但這種開(kāi)頭見(jiàn)多了，難免讓人厭倦。試比較：

a.people throughout the country have greatly demanded all kinds of nutritious food.

b.there is a great demand across the country for all kinds of nutritious food.

第一句改用非人稱(chēng)名詞作為主語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭，第二句則用there +be句型開(kāi)頭。這樣既改變了主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)單調(diào)句型，又把想強(qiáng)調(diào)的意思突出出來(lái)。實(shí)際上，為了把文章寫(xiě)得生動(dòng)活潑，除了用主語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭外，還可以用句子的其他成分開(kāi)頭。

1.用副詞開(kāi)頭

too often，students stray into the habit of cheating on tests.

2.用同位語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭

air，water and oxygen，everything that is necessary for life.

3.用狀語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭

dark and empty，the house looked very different from the way i remembered it.

4.用表語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭

equally essential to the highest success in learning a language are intense interest plus persistent effort.

5.用賓語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭

my advice you would not listen to;my helps you laughed at.now you will have what you asked for.

6.以短語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭

1)以介詞短語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭

to me the news was very interesting，but to my wife very boring.

2)以分詞短語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭

disturbed by the discord of american life in recent decades，menchester took flight for the pacific islands.

3)以不定式短語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭

to pass the exam，you should work very hard.

二、巧用連接詞

有的學(xué)生在作文中使用過(guò)多簡(jiǎn)單句，成了簡(jiǎn)單句堆砌;有的寫(xiě)復(fù)雜句時(shí)，動(dòng)輒用so， and，then，but，or，however，yet等非但達(dá)不到豐富表達(dá)方式的目的，反而使句子結(jié)構(gòu)松散、呆板。為了避免這種現(xiàn)象，可以通過(guò)使用連接詞，尤其是一些表示從屬關(guān)系的連接詞，如 who，which，that，because，since，although，after，as，before，when，whenever，if，unless，as if等，不僅能夠豐富句型，而且還能夠把思想表達(dá)得更清楚，意義更連貫。例如：

natural resources are very limited.they will be exhausted in the near future.it is not true.but it becomes a major concern around the world.this is a widely accepted fact.

這段文字用簡(jiǎn)單句表達(dá)，它們之間內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系含糊不清，意思支離破碎。如果使用連接詞，將單句與其前后合并，形成主次關(guān)系，就把一個(gè)比較復(fù)雜的內(nèi)容和關(guān)系表達(dá)得層次清楚、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。例如：

it is a widely accepted fact that there is a major concern around the world for the exhaustion of limited natural resources in the near future，though it is unlikely to be true.

再如：

the mississippi river is one of the longest rivers in the world，and in spring time it often overflows its banks，and the lives of many people are endangered.

此句用and把三個(gè)分句一貫到底，既乏味又可笑。如果使用了關(guān)系代詞which，語(yǔ)義就會(huì)更連貫，語(yǔ)言也會(huì)更流暢：

the mississippi river，which is one of the longest rivers in the world，often overflows its banks in the spring time，endangering the lives of many people.

三、長(zhǎng)短句交插

長(zhǎng)句和短句是就句子的字?jǐn)?shù)多少、形體長(zhǎng)短而言的。長(zhǎng)句和短句各有其優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)。長(zhǎng)句，因?yàn)槭褂玫亩ㄕZ(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)較多，限制了概念的外延，增大了概念的內(nèi)涵，所以比較精確、嚴(yán)密，但使用起來(lái)不夠活潑簡(jiǎn)便。短句，由于字?jǐn)?shù)少，直截了當(dāng)，一般比較簡(jiǎn)潔、明快、有力，但不利于表達(dá)復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)義內(nèi)容。在具體語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)中，最好長(zhǎng)短句交替使用。這既體現(xiàn)了節(jié)奏上的要求，也是意義上的需要。例如：

(1)we can imagine the beautiful surroundings.(2)there are many trees along the streets.(3)there is a clean river in the city.(4) there are many fishes in the river.(5)there are willow trees on the one side.(6)there are some pieces of grassland on the other side.(7)there are many flowers on them.

文中七個(gè)句子都是簡(jiǎn)單句，句型結(jié)構(gòu)單一，而且句子長(zhǎng)短同一，都在七、八詞左右，十分單調(diào)。下面是修改后的段落：

(1)just imagine the beautiful surroundings if we make our cities greener.(2)green trees line the streets.(3)a clean river winds through the city，in which a lot of fishes abound.(4)on the one side stand rows of willow trees.(5)on the other side lies a stretch of grassland sprinkled with many yellow and red flowers.

改寫(xiě)后的這段文字，有長(zhǎng)句(1)、(3)、(5)，也有短句(2)和(4)，一長(zhǎng)一短，抑揚(yáng)頓挫的節(jié)奏感就出來(lái)了。不僅句子長(zhǎng)短交插，而且句型結(jié)構(gòu)變化也很大，使文章流暢自然，生動(dòng)活潑。

四、利用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

英語(yǔ)的基本句型是s+v+o，如果偶爾打破常規(guī)，改變某一成分的位置，不僅可以豐富句型，而且能強(qiáng)調(diào)、突出被倒裝的部分，收到意想不到的表達(dá)效果。例如：

1)in no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 olympic games.

2)faith in the chinese economic reforms the majority of people will never lose.

總之，英語(yǔ)的句式是多種多樣的，只要從要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容出發(fā)合理選用，文章的句式就會(huì)富于變化。同時(shí)，在學(xué)習(xí)寫(xiě)作的過(guò)程中，學(xué)生應(yīng)不斷練習(xí)構(gòu)造各種各樣句式，以提高語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力。

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