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第十二單元 組織段落方法——時(shí)間順序法和空間順序法

組織段落的常見方法有：1）時(shí)間順序；2）空間順序；3）重要性順序和；4）熟悉度順序。在前幾單元，我們?cè)岬綄憯⑹龆温浜瓦^程分析時(shí)用時(shí)間順序，寫描述段落時(shí)用空間順序。在這一單元里，我們將著重討論這兩種組織方法。另兩種方法——重要性和熟悉度順序——將在第19單元討論。

12．1時(shí)間順序法

段落內(nèi)組織細(xì)節(jié)的最簡單最常見的方法是時(shí)間順序法（time order organization）。時(shí)間順序通常用于敘述和過程分析——先發(fā)生什么，然后怎樣，再然后怎樣，等等。正如我們?cè)谑痉抖温?－1和示范段落11－1所看到的一樣。其實(shí)在你的生活中你經(jīng)常運(yùn)用這種方法。你也許曾經(jīng)告訴你父母在學(xué)校里發(fā)生的事情。你也許向老師或同學(xué)敘述過你是怎樣做一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的。這些用的都是時(shí)間順序。

12．2關(guān)于如何寫時(shí)間順序段落的建議

1）寫下你要記錄的事件或步驟，然后按照時(shí)間順序排列

2）確定你的寫作目的，然后寫出帶有中心思想的主題句

3）從你列舉的事件或步驟中刪除與中心思想無關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)

4）使用“first，then，the next step”等等列舉符號(hào)把細(xì)節(jié)連接起來

12．3空間順序法

段落組織的另一方法是空間順序法（space order organization）。空間順序主要用于描述，正如我們?cè)谑痉抖温?0－1和示范段落10－2所看到的。空間順序和時(shí)間順序一樣，是生活中經(jīng)常使用的方法。你也許曾在信中向你父母描述你的學(xué)院，或向你的同學(xué)描述一個(gè)風(fēng)景區(qū)。

12．4關(guān)于如何寫空間順序段落的建議

按照你想讓你的讀者了解你要描繪的場(chǎng)面的方式移動(dòng)——例如，從左到右，或從背景到前景，或按順時(shí)針方向，等等。

12．5綜合運(yùn)用空間順序和時(shí)間順序

有時(shí)候，尤其在描寫參觀時(shí)，有必要同時(shí)運(yùn)用空間順序和時(shí)間順序，以增強(qiáng)段落的統(tǒng)一性。

示范段落12-1

We enjoyed our visit to Dr Hassan's house，perched high up on a hill．Walking up the long driveway，we approached the huge bronze door．A butler was standing in the open doorway，ushering guests into the house．Going in，we passed the oak－pannelled library and the formal dining room before we arrived at the ballroom，where the reception was being held．Under three sparkling chandeliers，more than a hundred people were enjoying champagne，hors d'oeuvres and good conversation．

12．6示范段落分析

主題句：We enjoyed our visit to Dr Hassan's house．

時(shí)間空間順序：driveway→door→house→library→diningroom→ballroom

Exercise 12－1

Directions：Arrange the sentences into a paragraph，using the time order and adding the necessary listing signals．

—She never had a birthday party and she was twenty－one year sold．

—The party was really a successful one．

—We planned to serve fruit punch and coffee．

—We planned entertainment．

—We carefully made a guest list．

—We planned a surprise party for Mary recently．

—We included many of her friends from school，a few of her friends from her neighbourhood，and all of her brothers and sisters．

—A boy did mayic tricks skillfully；another boy played the guitar well．

—We also wanted chicken sandwiches，a birthday cake with twenty－one candles，and ice cream．

—We especially enjoyed the group singing．

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Exercise 12-2

Directions：Narrate an incident from your own childhood in which you behave in a way you later regretted，using time order．

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Exercise 12－3

Directions：Narrate one of your trip，either by bike，by bus or bytrain，combining time order and space order．

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