大學(xué)英語(yǔ)作文是衡量學(xué)生英語(yǔ)綜合水平和應(yīng)用能力的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo),也是大學(xué)四級(jí)考試的一個(gè)重要內(nèi)容。在整個(gè)四級(jí)卷面(滿(mǎn)分為100分)中占15分,考生在這一部分的得分直接決定其四級(jí)成績(jī)。近年來(lái)國(guó)家教委又明確規(guī)定,四級(jí)考試中,如果學(xué)生作文得零分,那么即使前面得了滿(mǎn)分(即85分),其總成績(jī)?nèi)詫⒁暈椴患案瘛R虼藢?xiě)好一篇文章對(duì)參加四級(jí)考試的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)可謂至關(guān)重要,不容輕視。
作文不理想的原因很多,總的看來(lái)主要有以下幾個(gè)方面的問(wèn)題:
第一、英語(yǔ)底子太薄。主要表現(xiàn)為對(duì)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)掌握不牢及對(duì)基本詞匯記憶不清。它包括定冠詞和不定冠詞的濫用,主謂不一致,單復(fù)數(shù)搞不清楚,時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)混亂及詞語(yǔ)的各種形式掌握不牢。有的學(xué)生文章寫(xiě)得很長(zhǎng),字跡也很工整,但是讀完之后只覺(jué)得思路紊亂,支離破碎,沒(méi)有一個(gè)完整的句子,所以也就只能得兩三分以慰勞苦。
第二、詞匯量太小,且對(duì)已學(xué)詞匯記憶不清。除了底子太薄這個(gè)歷史原因之外,學(xué)生詞匯量太小也是一個(gè)不容忽視的原因。有的學(xué)生漢語(yǔ)功底很好,用漢語(yǔ)作文,他們就會(huì)思如泉涌,下筆千言,但是一到用英語(yǔ)作文就好像被縛住了手腳,不知如何下手。比如99年1月的作文,題目是"Don't Hesitate to Say No",
大部分學(xué)生能夠領(lǐng)會(huì)題意并能按給出的漢語(yǔ)提綱作文,但有的學(xué)生連Hesitate是什么意思都不知道,更不用說(shuō)在此基礎(chǔ)上再作發(fā)揮了。另外有的學(xué)生雖然對(duì)題目及要求非常清楚,但是因?yàn)樽约核莆盏脑~匯所限,無(wú)法用一些合適的詞來(lái)表達(dá)自己的思想,于是只有繞著題目翻來(lái)覆去亂說(shuō)一氣,再加上這次出的作文提綱就象一道繞口令:
1、 別人請(qǐng)求幫助時(shí),在什么情況下我們會(huì)說(shuō)“不”;
2、 為什么有些人在該說(shuō)“不”的時(shí)候不說(shuō)“不”;
3、 該說(shuō)“不”時(shí)不說(shuō)“不”的壞處。
所以在說(shuō)過(guò)一個(gè)又一個(gè)的"No"再加幾個(gè)"Yes"之后,閱卷老師也給搞得云里霧里,頭腦發(fā)脹,最后也只得酌情給個(gè)兩三分罷了。還有的一寫(xiě)到紙上就是錯(cuò)字別字滿(mǎn)篇,有些詞匯的用法也走了樣。其中最典型的就是for example寫(xiě)成example for , for instance寫(xiě)成for a instance, illegal 寫(xiě)成unlegle, 而such as, in spite of 等許多短語(yǔ)則是亂用一氣。詞匯的有限導(dǎo)致許多學(xué)生有口難言,欲說(shuō)不能,對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō),用英語(yǔ)作文實(shí)在是一件很頭疼的事情。
第三、缺乏思想,深度不夠。99年1月的考試中很大一部分學(xué)生不能得高分還有一個(gè)重要的原因,就是他們的作文缺乏思想,深度不夠。很多學(xué)生雖然已是大二的學(xué)生,甚至是大三大四的學(xué)生,但是他們?cè)谧魑漠?dāng)中所表現(xiàn)出的智力水平與閱歷似乎只相當(dāng)于一個(gè)初高中生。寫(xiě)出的文章著眼點(diǎn)低,視野狹窄。作為學(xué)生,作文著眼于學(xué)生之間的關(guān)系,反映學(xué)生之間的幫忙,這并不為過(guò),但是這種幫忙不能僅僅限于在考試當(dāng)中的幫忙,而且對(duì)這種幫忙都是一句話(huà) "Don't hesitate to say 'No'"。更有相當(dāng)一部分學(xué)生在文章中寫(xiě)幫忙就是這一次四級(jí)考試當(dāng)中的幫忙。與在??忌容^起來(lái),社會(huì)考生應(yīng)該多了許多社會(huì)閱歷,也多了一些見(jiàn)解,但是舉出來(lái)的例子也是范圍太窄,大多是講老板或領(lǐng)導(dǎo)讓干的事只能答 "Yes"而不能回答 "No"。其實(shí)除了這些,可舉的例子很多,關(guān)鍵是要抓住實(shí)質(zhì)。
第四、缺乏應(yīng)試技巧。缺乏應(yīng)試技巧,主要表現(xiàn)為有些學(xué)生在篇首或篇尾有喊口號(hào)傾向(如Dear Friends, let's not hesitate to say"No"),或畫(huà)蛇添足,本來(lái)文章該結(jié)束了卻偏要羅羅嗦嗦再來(lái)兩句多余的話(huà);另外一些學(xué)生字?jǐn)?shù)把握不準(zhǔn),不是寫(xiě)得太短就是寫(xiě)得太長(zhǎng),寫(xiě)得太短的會(huì)因?yàn)樽謹(jǐn)?shù)不夠而失分,太長(zhǎng)的又因?yàn)殚喚砝蠋熑蝿?wù)繁重,時(shí)間窘迫,不能因?yàn)橐黄恼聛y了整個(gè)閱卷節(jié)奏。還有一些學(xué)生的筆跡(尤其是用純藍(lán)墨水鋼筆和出水太淺的圓珠筆寫(xiě)的),讓閱卷老師怎么也看不清楚。
以上是四級(jí)英語(yǔ)考試中常見(jiàn)的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題,更是我們平時(shí)英語(yǔ)作文當(dāng)中應(yīng)該注意的幾個(gè)方面。要寫(xiě)好一篇英語(yǔ)文章,關(guān)鍵要在平時(shí)下功夫,打好牢固的基礎(chǔ),但是如果這一功夫在使用的時(shí)候不講技巧,不但不能事半功倍地發(fā)揮出最高技巧,取得最佳成績(jī),甚至可能出現(xiàn)與實(shí)際水平相去甚遠(yuǎn)的低成績(jī)。因此,上面講到的四個(gè)問(wèn)題應(yīng)該是相輔相成,缺一不可的,做到了這幾點(diǎn),寫(xiě)出一篇好的大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)作文應(yīng)該是不難的。
第二講句子的寫(xiě)作
我們?cè)谇懊嬖徇^(guò)學(xué)生的作文主要有以下幾個(gè)方面的問(wèn)題;下面我們以考生的實(shí)際作文來(lái)進(jìn)行一下分析。
1)Some one consider that fresh water will not touch it's end.
2) One man's life lack of money, he will impossible to live on.
3) As is know, that there are much fake commodities in today's society.
這里引述的例句與考生通篇作文的寫(xiě)作水平是一致的,具有典型性,代表了近乎中等水平考生的寫(xiě)作水平。從這些例句中不難看出,中等水平的考生,事實(shí)上也包括中上等水平的考生,在寫(xiě)作上存在的主要問(wèn)題是表達(dá)思想不清楚。
表達(dá)思想不清楚的主要原因是考生作文中嚴(yán)重漢化的英語(yǔ),即中式英語(yǔ),比如: "man can live happiness", "Man is iron, and food is steel.", "Women are half side sky."。 此外,語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤的普遍性和嚴(yán)重性十分驚人,比如,主謂不一致,名詞單復(fù)數(shù)不分,動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)濫用,常用詞拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤比比皆是。這些嚴(yán)重地影響了思想的表達(dá)??荚噷?shí)踐表明,多數(shù)考生在寫(xiě)作上的主要欠缺不是系統(tǒng)的寫(xiě)作理論和方法,而是最基本的單句寫(xiě)作能力。
文章無(wú)論長(zhǎng)短,都是由句子組成的,句子是表達(dá)思想的最基本的單位。因此,句子是否能寫(xiě)得正確、達(dá)意和清楚,將直接影響整篇文章的寫(xiě)作質(zhì)量。大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四、六級(jí)考試和研究生入學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試的實(shí)踐都表明,考生寫(xiě)作成績(jī)長(zhǎng)期得不到明顯提高的主要原因是欠缺寫(xiě)好單句的能力。為改變這種狀況,我們將從剖析考生作文中的典型病句入手,對(duì)寫(xiě)作測(cè)試中的基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)和寫(xiě)法進(jìn)行評(píng)議和分析,來(lái)幫助考生進(jìn)一步提高句子寫(xiě)作能力。
一、 "There be"結(jié)構(gòu)
考生病句:
1. There are many people like to go to the movies.
2. There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people.
正確表達(dá):
1. There are many people who like to go to the movies.
2. There are different kinds of vegetables that people can buy on the market.
這兩個(gè)例句的錯(cuò)誤比較有普遍性,因?yàn)樵跉v次考試中有不少考生不能正確運(yùn)用there be這一最常用的句式。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,there是引導(dǎo)詞,沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義。be在句中作謂語(yǔ),有時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。例如:
1. There was no school in the village at that time. (=there was not a school...)
注意:在否定句中,否定詞用no,也可用not a或not any。not a后接單數(shù)名詞,not many后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞,no后面的名詞單復(fù)數(shù)都可以。
2. There is not a moment to be lost.
3. There are many people rushing into the cities every year.
4. There are many things we can do to prevent traffic accidents.
5. There is no use holding back the wheel of history.
從以上例句還可看出,句中的主語(yǔ)后面可接多種修飾語(yǔ),如介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)從句、分詞短語(yǔ)等等。這無(wú)疑使該結(jié)構(gòu)增加了表現(xiàn)力,使句子表達(dá)內(nèi)容更加豐富。 在運(yùn)用這一結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),考生最容易犯的錯(cuò)誤是在there be之后又用了一個(gè)動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ),使句子結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。這里列舉的考生的典型錯(cuò)誤均屬這種情況,對(duì)此我們?cè)趯?xiě)作中要格外注意。
二、 比較結(jié)構(gòu)
考生病句:
1. Comparing with the bike, the car runs much faster.
2. The climate in Walton is colder than other cities.
正確表達(dá):
1. Compared with the bike, the car runs much faster.
2. The climate in Walton is colder than that of other cities.
評(píng)議與分析:許多考生在作文中用compare或than表示比較,但相當(dāng)多的表達(dá)有誤。
在例1中,對(duì)兩個(gè)事物進(jìn)行比較的句式為Compared with A, B...,只能用compare的過(guò)去分詞,不能用現(xiàn)在分詞,因?yàn)锽是分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ),只能被比較。
在例2中,考生誤將"天氣"與"城市"進(jìn)行比較,而二者沒(méi)有可比性,只有將后者改為"其他城市的天氣"才符合邏輯,很顯然,考生的錯(cuò)誤是受了漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣的影響。
比較結(jié)構(gòu)是常用結(jié)構(gòu),正確地使用這一結(jié)構(gòu)可以使文章的句式增加變化,有利于提高寫(xiě)作成績(jī)。一般說(shuō)來(lái),考生若能恰當(dāng)、正確地運(yùn)用這一結(jié)構(gòu),其寫(xiě)作成績(jī)應(yīng)在5分以上。
下面是比較結(jié)構(gòu)的一些常用的表達(dá)方法。
1. 同級(jí)比較
1) In 1998 we produced as many cars as we did in the previous five years.
2) We have accomplished as much in the past three years as would have taken ten years in the past.
2. 比較級(jí)
1) Children now enjoy better medical treatment than before.
2) We can live longer without food than we can (live )without water.
3. 最高級(jí)
1) This is the most interesting book I've ever read.
2) Of all his novels I like this one best.
4. the more…the more…結(jié)構(gòu)
1) The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
2) The more a man knows, the more he discovers his ignorance.
5. 選擇比較
1) I prefer staying at home to going out.
2) They prefer to work rather than (to) sit idly.
3) He prefers to work alone.
注意:這里的1)句用的是Prefer A to B結(jié)構(gòu),to為介詞,后接名詞或動(dòng)名詞;2)句是以不定式作prefer的賓語(yǔ);3)句用法同2),只是不把rather than部分表達(dá)出來(lái)。
6. 對(duì)比
1) Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative.
2) He is tired out, whereas she is full of vigor.
注意:while 和whereas均可用于連接兩個(gè)意義對(duì)立的分句,相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)的"而"字。許多考生能較好地運(yùn)用這一句式,尤其在圖表作文中。
三、 表達(dá)原因的結(jié)構(gòu)
考生病句:
1. The real reason to our failure is not far to seek.
2. The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.
正確表達(dá):
1. The real reason for our failure is not far to seek.
2. The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.
評(píng)議與分析:
從遣詞造句上看,這兩位考生具有一定的寫(xiě)作能力,not far to seek, plenty of money以及without working hard等均運(yùn)用正確、恰當(dāng)。但令人遺憾的是,第一位考生不知道reason不與to搭配而應(yīng)接介詞for,第二位考生犯了一個(gè)中國(guó)學(xué)生常犯的錯(cuò)誤,就是用because引起表語(yǔ)從句,because這個(gè)詞不能引起表語(yǔ)從句,在本句中只能改用that才正確。掌握好表達(dá)原因的結(jié)構(gòu)是十分重要的,幾乎所有的寫(xiě)作試題都要求寫(xiě)原因或可以寫(xiě)原因。在大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四、六級(jí)考試、研究生入學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試以及TOEFL考試中,寫(xiě)作的文體基本上是議論文,而議論文的基本模式是擺事實(shí)、講道理,講道理就是說(shuō)明原因。寫(xiě)作測(cè)試的文體決定了表達(dá)原因結(jié)構(gòu)的重要性。
英語(yǔ)中用來(lái)表達(dá)原因這一概念的結(jié)構(gòu)有多種。我們可用as , because, since, seeing that, considering that, now that, not that...等詞組引出表示原因的從句。例如:
1. Now that we have seen these great achievements with our own eyes, we feel more proud than ever of our country.
2. Professor Liu is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress.
3. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate.
4. Pollution is still a serious problem, not that we don't have the ability to solve it, but that some people have not realized the consequences of the problem.
我們還可以借助某些詞語(yǔ)用簡(jiǎn)單句表達(dá)原因結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
1. The reason for this change is quite obvious.
2. Diligence is the key factor of success.
3. Idleness is the root of all evils.
4. He was ashamed to have made the mistake.
(=He was ashamed that he had made the mistake.
=He was ashamed because he had made the mistake.)
除了上述的例句外,英語(yǔ)中還有很多或易或難的表達(dá)原因的結(jié)構(gòu)。我們?cè)谶M(jìn)行寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練的時(shí)候,不能滿(mǎn)足于一知半解,要講究書(shū)面語(yǔ)言的正確性和準(zhǔn)確性。比如,because是最常用的引導(dǎo)原因從句的連詞,語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng),表示直接的原因,若because置于句首,后面的主句不能再用so。用as引導(dǎo)的原因從句語(yǔ)氣較弱,所說(shuō)明的原因是附帶的,而since表示的原因暗示著是稍加分析之后才能推斷出來(lái)的原因。
四、 否定結(jié)構(gòu)
考生病句
1. Some people think we needn't to worry about fresh water.
2. Nowadays many people don't like to go to the movies, too.
正確表達(dá):
1. Some people think we needn't worry (或don't need to worry) about fresh water.
2. Nowadays many people don't like to go to the movies, either.
評(píng)議與分析:
例句1 的錯(cuò)誤在于該考生混淆了need作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和作為普通動(dòng)詞的用法。need作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),主要用于否定句,后面的動(dòng)詞不帶to, needn't worry,作we的謂語(yǔ)。need作為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞時(shí),可用于肯定句、否定句和疑問(wèn)句,don't need to worry 中的to worry作don't need的賓語(yǔ)。
例句2的錯(cuò)誤在于該考生混淆了too和either的區(qū)別,這兩個(gè)詞都表示"也"的意思,但是在英語(yǔ)中too, also只能用于肯定句,而either只能用于否定句。
否定結(jié)構(gòu)除了在助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,be和have后面加not之外,還有許多不含not的否定結(jié)構(gòu)。
I. 含有否定意義的詞匯和短語(yǔ) 以下列舉的詞和詞組本身就具有否定的含義,因此無(wú)需用否定詞。介詞against, beyond, but, except, without,...形容詞和動(dòng)詞absent, deny, differ, different, fail, free, ignore, miss, refuse, the last, used to, reluctant, lack, want,...短語(yǔ)keep...from, protect...from, prevent...from, let alone, at a loss, in vain, instead of, out of the question, rather than, too...to, by no means, anything but,... 例句:
1) Women fail to get the equal rights in some countries.
在一些國(guó)家里婦女沒(méi)有得到平等的權(quán)利。
2) This is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy crisis.
這不是解決能源危機(jī)的最好的辦法。
3) We should protect trees from being destroyed.
我們應(yīng)保護(hù)樹(shù)木,不讓它們受破壞。
4) In old China we could not make a nail, let alone(make) machines.
在舊中國(guó),我們連一個(gè)釘子都造不了,更不用說(shuō)制造機(jī)器了。
II. 含有半否定意義的詞語(yǔ)barely, hardly, few, little, rarely, scarcely, seldom, not all, not everyone, not everything,...具有半否定的意義。例句:
1) We could hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on market several years ago.
幾年前在冬天市場(chǎng)上很難見(jiàn)到新鮮蔬菜。
2) These young people know little about how to choose good books to read.
這些年輕人幾乎不知道如何挑選優(yōu)秀的書(shū)籍來(lái)讀。
III. 不含否定意義的否定結(jié)構(gòu)有些詞和詞組形式上是否定結(jié)構(gòu),但其含義是肯定的,比如:cannot but, can't help, no sooner...than, not...until, in no time, none other than, nothing but,等等。例句:
1) We can't but face the reality. 我們只有面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)。
2) These old buildings will be replaced by modern apartment buildings in no time.
這些舊建筑將很快為現(xiàn)代化的公寓所代替。
IN. 否定結(jié)構(gòu)的倒裝語(yǔ)序. 我們有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)而把否定詞和詞組放在句首,這時(shí)句子結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)倒裝。例如:
1) On no account should we follow blindly.我們決不應(yīng)當(dāng)盲從。
2) No where has the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for learning as in our country.沒(méi)有任何其他地方有我國(guó)這樣高的學(xué)習(xí)熱情。
五、 含有it的結(jié)構(gòu)
考生病句:
1. As is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society.
2. It is known to us, practice makes perfect.
正確表達(dá):
1. It is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society. (或:As is known to all of us, science...)
2. It is known to us that practice makes perfect. (或:As is known to us, practice...)
評(píng)議與分析:
很顯然,兩個(gè)考生混淆了it和as的用法。如果用it作形式主語(yǔ),后面的主語(yǔ)從句必須由that引起;如果用as,則后面不能用that,因?yàn)閍s是關(guān)系代詞,代表practice makes perfect。It 在英語(yǔ)中是個(gè)相當(dāng)活躍的代詞,在寫(xiě)作中我們常要使用它。以下幾種用法應(yīng)熟練掌握,并能靈活運(yùn)用。
1.作形式主語(yǔ)
It is necessary for us to master a foreign language skillfully. It makes difference whether we could purify the air or not.
2.作形式賓語(yǔ)
We find it rather difficult to prevent people from doing that. Modern science has made it possible for babies to grow healthily and for people to live longer.
3.引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句
It is only by this way that we can achieve success. It was then that people began to realize the importance of controlling population.
從語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看,上述的句子都不難,或者可以說(shuō)是考生相當(dāng)熟悉的。然而在寫(xiě)作考試中,多數(shù)考生缺乏運(yùn)用自己已掌握的句式的意識(shí),而以自己頭腦中拼湊的中式英語(yǔ)取而代之。其實(shí),只要能恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用上述的任何一個(gè)句式,考生的作文就會(huì)出現(xiàn)閃光點(diǎn),就會(huì)取得比較好的成績(jī)。
英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤與分析
下面我們對(duì)一些在英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中典型的病句實(shí)例逐一加以剖析.
一. 不一致(Disagreements)
所謂不一致不光指主謂不一致,它還包括了數(shù)的不一致,時(shí)態(tài)不一致及代詞不一致等.
病句: When one have money, he can do what he want to.
剖析:one是單數(shù)第三人稱(chēng),因而本句的have應(yīng)改為has ;同理,want應(yīng)改為wants.本句是典型的主謂不一致.
改為:Once one has money, he can do what he wants (to do)
二. 修飾語(yǔ)錯(cuò)位(Misplaced Modifiers)
英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)不同,同一個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)置于句子不同的位置,句子的含義可能引起變化.對(duì)于這一點(diǎn)中國(guó)學(xué)生往往沒(méi)有引起足夠的重視,因而造成了不必要的誤解.
病句:I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.
剖析:better位置不當(dāng),應(yīng)置于句末.
三. 句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)
在口語(yǔ)中,交際雙方可借助手勢(shì)語(yǔ)氣上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解.可是書(shū)面語(yǔ)就不同了,句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整會(huì)令意思表達(dá)不清,這種情況常常發(fā)生在主句寫(xiě)完以后,筆者又想加些補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明時(shí)發(fā)生.
病句:There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .
剖析:本句后半部分"for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一個(gè)完整的句子,僅為一些不連貫的詞語(yǔ),不能獨(dú)立成句.
改為:There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.
四. 懸垂修飾語(yǔ)(Dangling Modifiers)
所謂懸垂修飾語(yǔ)是指句首的短語(yǔ)與后面句子的邏輯關(guān)系混亂不清.
病句: At the age of ten, my grandfather died.
這句中"at the age of ten"只點(diǎn)出十歲時(shí),但沒(méi)有說(shuō)明” 誰(shuí)”十歲時(shí).按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我們把這個(gè)懸垂修飾語(yǔ)改明確一點(diǎn),全句就不那么費(fèi)解了.
改為:When I was ten, my grandfather died.
病句:To do well in college, good grades are essential.
剖析:句中不定式短語(yǔ) “to do well in college” 的邏輯主語(yǔ)不清楚.
改為:To do well in college, a student needs good grades.
五. 詞性誤用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)
“詞性誤用”常表現(xiàn)為:介詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用;形容詞當(dāng)副詞用;名詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用等.
病句:None can negative the importance of money.
剖析:negative 系形容詞,誤作動(dòng)詞。
改為:None can deny the importance of money.
六. 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)
指代不清主要講的是代詞與被指代的人或物關(guān)系不清,或者先后所用的代詞不一致。 Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.
(瑪麗和我姐姐很要好,因?yàn)樗鏊陌槟铩?
讀完上面這一句話(huà),讀者無(wú)法明確地判斷兩位姑娘中誰(shuí)將結(jié)婚,誰(shuí)將當(dāng)伴娘。如果我們把易于引起誤解的代詞的所指對(duì)象加以明確,意思就一目了然了。這個(gè)句子可改為:
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.
And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.
剖析:句中人稱(chēng)代詞we 和反身代詞yourself指代不一致。
改為:We can also know society by serving it ourselves.
七. 不間斷句子(Run-on Sentences)
什么叫run-on sentence? 請(qǐng)看下面的例句。
病句: There are many ways we get to know the outside world.
剖析:這個(gè)句子包含了兩層完整的意思:“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。簡(jiǎn)單地把它們連在一起就不妥當(dāng)了。
改為:There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或:
There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world
八. 措詞毛病(Troubles in Diction)
Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何適當(dāng)?shù)剡x用詞語(yǔ)的問(wèn)題,囿于教學(xué)時(shí)間緊迫,教師平時(shí)在這方面花的時(shí)間往往極其有限,影響了學(xué)生在寫(xiě)作中沒(méi)有養(yǎng)成良好的推敲,斟酌的習(xí)慣。他們往往隨心所欲,拿來(lái)就用。所以作文中用詞不當(dāng)?shù)腻e(cuò)誤比比皆是。
病句:The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makespollution.(農(nóng)業(yè)方面化學(xué)物質(zhì)使用的不斷增加也造成了污染。)
剖析:顯然,考生把obstacles“障礙”,“障礙物”誤作substance“物質(zhì)”了。另外“the increasing use (不斷增加的使用)”應(yīng)改為“abusive use (濫用)”。
改為:The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leadsto pollution.
九. 累贅(Redundancy)
言以簡(jiǎn)潔為貴。寫(xiě)句子沒(méi)有一個(gè)多余的詞;寫(xiě)段落沒(méi)有一個(gè)無(wú)必要的句子。能用單詞的不用詞組;能用詞組的不用從句或句子。
病句:In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.
本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同謂語(yǔ)從句,我們按照上述“能用詞組的不用從句”可以改為:In spite ofhis laziness, I like him.
病句: For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thingto be used to buy the thing they need.
剖析:整個(gè)句子可以大大簡(jiǎn)化。
改為:Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.
十. 不連貫(Incoherence)
不連貫是指一個(gè)句子前言不對(duì)后語(yǔ),或是結(jié)構(gòu)上不暢通。這也是考生常犯的毛病。
病句: The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.
剖析:The fresh water 與逗號(hào)后的it 不連貫。It 與things 在數(shù)方面不一致。
改為:Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.
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